Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Human Population Essay

Enumeration Bureau of the United States has evaluated that the current world human populace is about 6,818,500,000 individuals. In 2009 the United Nation assessed the world human populace to be around 6,800,000,000. This is a marker that the human populace is developing at an exceptionally disturbing rate with a yearly birth pace of roughly 134 million every year against 57 million passings (Freeman. 1974). The disturbing addition in the quantity of human on earth has raised inquiries with respect to whether the planet earth is getting over populated. The human populace is encountering shortage of assets because of the overpopulation. So as to them to counter this difficult they have concocted ways that have thus compromised the environment. For example there planet earth is heating up, the air is being populated, and the degrees of barometrical carbon dioxide have risen (Freeman. 1974). It is assessed America appreciated a low populace of under 100 million in the years 1950s. During this period there was a progression of plagues that were accepted to have been presented by their experience with the travelers from Europe driving high passing rates. Confirmations gave by archeologists demonstrated that most passings of the flow world were cause by illnesses by the old world, for example, flu, smallpox, and measles. Be that as it may, with time the locals created resistance towards these sicknesses (Collinson. 2002). The future for youngsters expanded enormously in the eighteenth Century thus did the human populace because of presentation of immunizations, compelling prescription, and improved sanitation. Accordingly the United Kingdom alone is said to have multiplied in like clockwork populace. India’s populace has since developed from 125 million in 1750s to 1. billion. The twentieth Century recorded the most elevated augmentation in human populace around the world. This is likewise ascribed to expanded horticultural produce and improved clinical expertise (Collinson. 2002). Scientists have shown that the pace of populace development has diminished aside from in the Middle East, Latin America and Sub-Saharan. Anyway a few nations, for example, Eastern and Central Europe and encountering negative factors because of diminishing in populace. Japan and Western Europe are said to reality comparable dangers soon because of progress in ripeness design. An examination done by the United Nation in 2006 indicated that the drop in populace development was because of segment progress. The report additionally showed that should this example of development stay unaltered, there may be zero pace of development continuously 2050. Examination demonstrates that Asia has the biggest number of individuals of around 3. 8 billion, which is 60% of the world human populace, while Africa has 12% (Zuckerman. 1996). Forecast The fast increments in human populace lead Thomas Malthus to foresee in 1798 that the world would run low on food flexibly by the mid nineteenth Century. Paul R. Ehrilich, in 1968 anticipated that starvation would happen in 1970s and 1980s. Anyway different financial experts tested them as different measures had been set up to counter the predicted issue. For example, the huge consciousness of green upheaval lead to increment in food creation whose addition has been simultaneous with the fast development of the populace. Investigators have anyway cautioned that notwithstanding the expansion in food creation, the costs are soaring causing its availability to the individuals who to have the methods, and subsequently a bigger number of human populace encountering unhealthiness (Collinson. 002). Green Revolution The presentation of Green Revolution lead a 250% expansion in food creation for the year 1950 to 1984. Nonetheless, the green insurgency being upheld by fuel water system in addition to other things, for example, pesticides and manures lead to intense costs of food. Thusly, in spite of the revelation sparing the landmass from desperate starvation, it has not so much tended to the openness of food by poor people. Joi ned Nation announced that as at 2005 around 850 million individuals were confronting ailing health because of absence of buying intensity of food. The high creation of oil is a marker that oil is urgent for day by day endurance. Cultivating is currently motorized where by bio-fuel is required which has affected the costs of the ranch produce (Freeman. 1974). Overpopulation is supposed to be a genuine danger for the people to come. By and large is a state whereby there are a greater number of people on earth than the earth can deal with; as far as arrangement of enough assets that would make them live cheerfully and live it a fit spot for the cutting edge clients. Anyway a few nations give impetuses to individuals to expand their introduction to the world rate. This is said to have an effect of the development of the economy and military security. Different pundits have tested such nations saying that the world is overpopulated and that inability to control birth rate is in truth expanding passing rate as a matter of course. On one hand, a few legislators call for nations, particularly MDCs to build their populace size to keep up their financial development and military security. Then again, pundits indicate that one out of five individuals living here today isn't appropriately bolstered and accept that the world is now restricted in assets (Freeman. 974). Reasons for Rapid Human Population Growth The world has seen a quick increment in human populace because of low demise rate and expanded birth rates. Over all the high gifted science and mechanical progression have contributed in decrease of death rates. These advancements lead to increase underway and gracefully of food, the general wellbeing area has had the option to give clean water a nd sanitation just as presentation of successful anti-infection agents and immunizations which have added to drawing out human lives. In the past creating nations lifestyle was needing. Notwithstanding, there has been the procedures of training and worldwide connections that has lead to improvement in their ways of life, and along these lines longitivity of lives. These developments have seen disclosure of treatment for illnesses that once executed such huge numbers of individuals, for example, measles, jungle fever, and influenza (Zuckerman. 1996). Food Production and Distribution There additionally has been advancement in the farming part, the greatest advancement being hereditarily altered food just as water system. For example in the United states there was an expansion underway from 631 million tones to 1. 65 billion tones between the years 1950 and 1984. This is a pointer that the measure of food produce expanded hugely that can cook for expanding human populace (Hutchinson. 2008). These advances has likewise permitted new variety of seeds, manures and current hardware which thus has lead to development of agrarian areas over the globe. Studies demonstrate the creation of food has expanded by 24% over the most recent 10 years. Be that as it may, these development in food produce has not been observer uniformly especially in African Countries. Analysts have additionally affirmed that there is no food deficiency on the planet, however fair circulation ought to be thought of. There are a lot of individuals especially in African nations that don't have adequate money to purchase food (Collinson. 2002). General Health Survival of every day living is relied upon essential needs, for example, wellbeing haven, food, and clean water. At first unavailability of clean water would add to clearing out youngsters from cholera. Studies show that in the year 1990, under half of the human populaces were fit for gaining admittance to safe drinking water, anyway there has been in increment of openness of clean water to 75% a short time later. It was estimate that the availability to perfect and safe drinking water was to increment by 14% in the year 2000 all through the world (Hutchinson. 2008). Lodging Due to the fast increment in human populace, there has been the need to develop lodging. This has consequently brought about development of urban focuses which are exceptionally populated. Because of appeal in lodging, settlement has gotten pricey. Subsequently there has developed high class, white collar class, and low class social orders. The poor are compelled to live in ghettos, whereby ladies and kids are presented to dangers, for example, assault and misuse. There have been techniques by different governments all through the world to annihilate destitution futile. Modest lodging plans have been structured by certain legislatures; sadly the quantity of the poor is shocking (Collinson. 2002). Results Studies have affirmed that the most unfortunate nations have the biggest number of human populace. Examination has additionally affirmed that there is a connection among's neediness and ripeness just as high kid hood death rate. Along these lines the individuals who appreciate elevated expectations of living have low fruitfulness rates, these individuals likewise have a more extended life expectancy instead of the poor just as lower newborn child death rate. More or less destitution and overpopulation are partners of increment of death and illnesses. This is on the grounds that absence of sufficient sterile lodging and clean drinking water lead to medical problems (Freeman. 1974). Creating nations have the most noteworthy number of human populace instead of the created nations. For example one in each five people in the Soviet nations live underneath the neediness line, instead of one of each eight man in America. Destitution is said to have been brought about by the intense increment in populace after the finish of the second World War. Neediness has the lead to death of humanity. Rather than permitting destitution to continue, it is imperative to constrain our number be-cause in thick populaces too many need sufficient food, water, haven, instruction and work. High ripeness, which has been generally connected with success, distinction, and security for the future, presently imperils chances for some to accomplish wellbeing and security (Hutchinson. 008). Numerous legislative and non administrative associations have been set up

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Lack of a clear plan, ineffective leadership, marketing effectiveness, Term Paper

Absence of an unmistakable arrangement, ineffectual initiative, showcasing adequacy, and absence of execution are basic issues of a private company and how key arranging can help stay away from them - Term Paper Example Free possession infers sole ownership, association, enterprise, or some other authoritative document (U.S. Independent venture Administration, 2010). Regardless of the business, a private venture works in; it has been discovered that they experience the ill effects of to a great extent similar sorts of issues. Little size of a business undertaking guarantees that the administration goes about as a sharp cost controllers and dynamic individual from routine tasks. This offers ascend to numerous administration related issues and loss of far-located dreams. The conversation beneath further subtleties the sorts of issues looked by private companies. A significant issue that swarms an independent venture is incapable initiative. Initiative, to be viable, ought to be persuasive enough for the representatives in order to spur them to work morally and make esteems for their clients (Grenny, 2009). The majority of the pioneers today have no solid thought of their work. They engage in the issues of routine as opposed to focussing on the drawn out objective of the business. The issue appears to progressively across the board in independent ventures in light of the fact that the impulse to spare expenses are higher. Consequently, to chop downward on the quantity of workers, pioneers wind up turning into a piece of the tasks as opposed to dealing with the activities. Likewise, pioneers of such private companies are regularly not prepared deductively and their choices are the result of their encounters as opposed to built up administrative practices. Another normal issue among private ventures is absence of an unmistakable arrangement (Harsberger, 2010). Absence of an arrangement brings about folly of the business and occupies the chief in adjusting all the exercises towards the shared objective of the association. At last, trivial exercises bring about wastage of money assets which in any case could be applied all the more conveniently. There has all the earmarks of being an immediate relationship between's the lucidity of plan and the achievement of the business (Perry, 2001) Regardless of whether a business has appropriate showcasing methodology and plan, the execution

Friday, August 21, 2020

Day, William Rufus

Day, William Rufus Day, William Rufus, 1849â€"1923, American statesman and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1903â€"22), b. Ravenna, Ohio. Admitted (1872) to the bar, Day practiced law in Ohio and served (1886â€"90) as judge of the court of common pleas. He became (1897) assistant to the Secretary of State and then (Apr., 1898) Secretary of State in the month when war was declared against Spain. He was successful in converting France and Germany from an attitude of seeming hostility to definite neutrality. Made chairman (Sept., 1898) of the U.S. commission to arrange peace after the Spanish-American War, he insisted upon purchase of the Philippines rather than claiming these islands by right of conquest. The treaty therefore provided for the payment of $20 million. Day became (1899) a judge of the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him to the Supreme Court, where he generally voted for the dissolution of trusts and the preservation of states ' rights . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Sleep Deprivation Has Been Around Since the Dawn of Time - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 928 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? In 16th century Scotland, it was used to test and torture accused witches. It was a popular form of confession-eliciting torture called waking the witch. After staying awake for days, their hallucinations caused them to spin false tales of flying and shapeshifting into animals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sleep Deprivation Has Been Around Since the Dawn of Time" essay for you Create order Marie de Manaceine, a Russian scientist, experimented with sleep deprivation on puppies in 1894. The puppies were deprived between four and five days of sleep. Unexpectedly, after the experiment, all the puppies died. Sleep deprivation was a legal and standard practice of US military torture until 2009. A common method is to use a heretics fork, such as the one pictured above. These are not the only things that can cause sleep deprivation, however. (Mann). Many sleep disorders can cause sleep deprivation. In fact, sleep deprivation and sleep disorders are both very general terms. Sleep disorders can refer to any condition that affects ones quality and/or quantity of sleep; sleep deprivation refers to a state where one doesnt get enough sleep or dont get enough quality sleep. There are many symptoms of sleep disorders that are easily spotted, whether it is in oneself or others. Some of these symptoms include irritability during the day, difficulty staying awake, feeling tired while driving, difficulty concentrating, slow reactions, difficulty controlling emotions, and more. The more symptoms one has, the more likely they are to have a sleep disorder. Some common sleep disorders that may lead to sleep deprivation include insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. (Smith, et al.). The National Sleep Foundation has a recommendation for sleep durations depending on ones age. A chart is shown above with the following information. Newborns are recommended to sleep for 14-17 hours daily. Infants should sleep for 12-15 hours daily. Toddlers should sleep for 11-14 hours daily. Preschoolers should sleep for 10-13 hours daily. School-age children should sleep for 9-11 hours daily. Teenagers should sleep for 8-10 hours daily. Adults should sleep for 7-9 hours daily, and adults over 65 years old should sleep between seven and eight hours a day. (Natl Sleep Foundation). Many sleep disorders can end up leading to sleep deprivation or already have it as a side effect. As mentioned above, these disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. Other causes of sleep deprivation can include personal choice, medications, family obligations, and illness. Someone may avoid sleeping to socialize with their friends, finish a school assignment, or stay late for wor k. One might also be staying up because of their young children. Everyone has their reasons to stay up late occasionally, but doing it often can be detrimental to ones health. (Dept. of Health Human Services). There are many side effects of not getting an adequate amount of sleep. There can also be different symptoms depending on age; however, I will be focusing on adults and teenagers. Some of the less serious effects in adults include yawning, grogginess, and reduced work efficiency. More serious effects can include slower reaction time, poorer judgment, reduced awareness, and microsleep. This can be very dangerous because it may lead to drowsy driving, which, in some cases, is at least as dangerous as driving drunk. In fact, going 24 hours without sleep is similar to having a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reading of 0.1%. This is greater than the legal limit of 0.8% BAC. (Dept. of Health Human Services). Scientists have previously assessed three different categories to measure the effects of sleep deprivation on a persons performance. These categories include cognitive performance, motor skill performance, and mood. The test subjects had to perform exams of logical reasoning, mental addition, visual search tests, and word memory tasks to measure their cognitive performance. These exams may have included word searches, math problems, or being given verbal instructions that had to later be recited. Motor skill tests may have included reaction times, simple treadmill walking, and manual dexterity tests. Reaction times may have been tested by tossing a football at one of the test subjects. Dexterity tests may have been executed by using a specific hand to place pegs in a board (such as the one below) while listening to specific instructions. For testing the subjects moods, the scientists could simply ask the subjects. (Pilcher and Huffcut). Treatments are only required when a person can physically not get to sleep. The reason for this may be physical or psychological. Treatments can include medications, cognitive and behavioral treatment, or something as simple as changing ones nighttime routine. Medications can include benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and melatonin; this, however, is not always recommended due to the fact that some people can form dependencies on these medications. Benzodiazepines are anxiety-reducing sedatives. Cognitive and behavioral treatments may include relaxation techniques or stimulation control. Stimulation control can include changing ones nighttime routine. (Davis). It is recommended to have ones bedroom at around 65? ° Fahrenheit for optimal sleeping conditions. It is also recommended to not have electronics on close to the time one goes to sleep or even in the bedroom. If one does have electronics in the bedroom, they should place them away from the bed, as the blue light f rom screens can suppress melatonin production in the body. A lack of sleep can be extremely detrimental to ones health. Humans spend about one-third of their life asleep, and one in five adults fails to get an adequate amount of rest. As Jaeda DeWalt once said, Sleep deprivation is physically miserable and creatively cathartic, as internal landscapes rise up from their dormant ashes. Sleep is just as important to our health as drinking water or eating, and people dont treat it as such.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Teenage Suicide The Breaking Point - 1952 Words

Teenage Suicide: The Breaking Point The majority of society knows a loved one suffering from depression, identity crisis, or low self-esteem. Self-injury and suicide have become a large topic of discussion in today’s world. In order to comprehend the factors that contribute to the act of self-inflicted death, one must understand the history, victim profile, forms of suicide, causes, symptoms and signs, and prevention. Understanding this information can help individuals understand a loved one’s struggle with suicide, as well as spread knowledge to others dealing with depressive thoughts. Media, technology, and entertainment have rapidly progressed in our world, which has established a new self-image. Social media has indirectly generated a new standard of life everywhere advertisements allow, while celebrities set the bar for body image. As people are confronted with, and compare themselves to this new standard, their self-image becomes distorted and their self-esteem b egins to diminish. The causes of self-inflicting death seem to be quite broad, yet are mainly centered around the mood disorders such as depression. Although detecting this mental disorder is sometimes difficult, there are symptoms such as withdrawal, change of mood, feelings of helplessness, loss of interest or suicide, that indicate its presence. History of Suicide There are two forms of suicide. The first type is individual suicide in which a person takes his or her life for personal reasons. TheseShow MoreRelatedTeenage Suicide : A Devastating Event1509 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Suicide When I was undergoing my journey through high school, there was a devastating event that affected the entire school from that point on; one of my fellow classmates had committed suicide. It was heart breaking to hear what had happened to someone at such a young age. A teenage boy drove to a spot in North Carolina where his dad had committed suicide just a few years ago. In that same exact place where his dad committed suicide, he decided to take his own life. According to WorldRead MoreDepression Is The First Leading Cause Of Suicide1496 Words   |  6 PagesToday in America, depression is the first leading cause of suicide. Reported in recent statistics, every year, thousands of people succeed in taking their lives and even more have attempted suicide at some point (Hyde and Held 8). Although it is an afflicting concern today, depression dates back to centuries ago, but wasn t fully recognized as a clinical illness until the 1960 s. At this point, depression treatment was only av ailable to adults because it was so unlikely for adolescents to experienceRead More Young People As A Social Problem Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesof the alarming rate of juvenile delinquency and the accumulating cases of teenage suicide since the mid 90s, its not surprising to see that the majority started to accuse young people as a source of social problem. Nowadays, some may even consider young people as a group of easily-agitated gangsters euipped with the potential ability and the desire to disrupt the present social order. However, is it justified to point the finger of blame on our teenagers for the social problems? Is it reallyRead MoreThe 21st Century Black Plague945 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Wurtzel uses in her memoir, Prozac Nation: Young and Depressed in America. A narrative of Wurtzel’s nadir in her battle with depression, Prozac Nation is a brutally honest, emotional retelling of her turbulent mental state throughout her teenage years and early twenties. Wurtzel’s story helps to bring awareness to the seriousness of depression, especially its emotional impact, occupation of the mind, and life altering complications. She highlights these issues through documentations of herRead MoreNarrative Essay About Teenage Life779 Words   |  4 Pagesalong with.In my point of view teenagers (teenage girls to be exact) were this way because they cared too much about how they looked and still do, they focus more on makeup and hairstyles, it is or was the most important thing in their lif e, and the most important thing was relationships. Now that I am a teenager, I can say that although these things are significant, they are not the reason why being a teenager is so hard. A lot of drastic changes occur between childhood and the teenage years, and mostRead MoreDefining Deviance1080 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent from the normal Sociological Perspectives on Deviance   Formal Deviance- breaking a law or rule example: crime   Informal Deviance- doing something different from the customary Social groups create deviance by applying rules to certain people, making them â€Å"outsiders† Behavior that is deviant or normal depending on the situation Deviance stabilizes society Durkheim thinks that societies use deviance to create and point out the standard norms The Medicalization of Deviance   Medicalization of Deviance-Read MoreA Real Love Story In Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet1257 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships in one’s adolescent years it can be taxing on a teen instead of lighthearted. As shown in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet teenagers can have their impulses that naturally occur push them to make rash and illogical decisions, such as committing suicide. In the play Juliet who is a mere thirteen years old, and Romeo, who appears to be around seventeen years of age, fall in love. Their love is shown to be one of the most romantic love stories in history, but their eternal love is shown to be the mainRead MoreShould The Legal Alcohol Age Be Changed?1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfor underage drinking. Breaking the Law to Get a Drink Breaking the law just to get alcohol seems a little absurd, but teens will do anything to have fun. Whether if it’s making a fake ID or paying someone older to buy alcohol for them, they will try to get by the law to obtain alcohol. If the drinking age was dropped to the age of 18, teenage drinking wouldn’t be such a taboo. â€Å"Lowering minimum legal drinking age from 21 to 18 would diminish the thrill of breaking the law to get a drink† (â€Å"MinimumRead MoreDescription of My Nigerian Client1232 Words   |  5 Pages2001 with her husband and her teenage son, Anthony. Many years after their arrival in Canada her husband died in a work related accident, his death traumatized Caroline and her young son putting her into a great depression, which caused her to withdraw from the society and also from taking care of her son. During this period she became a frequent user of hard drugs, spending most of her money on cocaine and many other illegal drugs. After r eaching her breaking point she got help and she has beenRead MoreBarbie Doll Fantasy Exposed in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll Essay example1607 Words   |  7 Pageswith the guidelines that the society around her has set for the ideal women. Piercy continues her comparison in stanza two, the young girl has now transformed into a teenager. In this stanza Piercy shows how the teenage girl posses wonderful gifts and is unique; however, the teenage girl is forced to mold herself into what the society around her wants her to be. The girl is said to be â€Å"healthy, tested intelligent, /possessed strong arms, and back† (7-8). Just like Barbie the girl is intelligent

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Transformation in North America - 1336 Words

A transformation is taking place in cities throughout North America, which are doing away with their heteronormative practices of designing cities, and creating more â€Å"gay spaces.† This trend is largely driven by a changing cultural perspective among the various cultural groups, as well as the general trend towards acceptance for those who are gay. These gay spaces are usually confined to areas of the community where there is typically a high concentration of gay people. The locations that contain these â€Å"queer spaces,† are areas of reprieve for the gay community, and they should be accepted in communities that have an identifiable neighbourhood consisting largely of gay people. In her statement â€Å"Today in most overtly gay spaces there is little to no visible gender queerness or any indication that such variance is tolerated,† Petra Doan is saying that while there are gay spaces that are created for the queer community, these areas often do not contai n a high number of gay people, and they are in fact mostly inhabited by heterosexuals. The gendering of these spaces is meant to increase the general acceptance of gay people and to provide a haven for them, but Doan believes these spaces are still largely dominated by heterosexuals. The treatment of the urbex (or urban environment) in what makes up the cities, it is important to consider that the geography has mirrored many of the troubling characteristics of the urban exploration. People are curious about how the majority ofShow MoreRelatedThe Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the Transformation of North America921 Words   |  4 PagesPen 1763 and the Transformation of North America† Colin G. Galloway Wei Tzu (Kaylin) Wang March 21, 2013 TTH- 12:30PM- 2:30PM Professor Mosby American History could not have written itself without the importance of our founding fathers. The transformation of North America in 1763 was an important year in American History because it was an ending of a long warfare in Europe and America. In the book called â€Å"The Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the transformation of North America†, written by ColinRead MoreThe Decline Of The European Empires945 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Europeans were near the Americas unlike their opponents (Asia) in which were father away. The Europeans were determined to gain more land, enlarge the religion of Christianity, and expand the economy by gaining more territory. Every European had their own reasoning for wanting to expand therefore, everyone had their own motives. Another reason that enabled them was that they were also involved in trading which helped them transport items to and from the Americas. The last reason was the EuropeansRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Avon Products Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesa manufacturer and marketer of cosmetic beauty and related products. The company s product categories are beauty, fashion, and home. Avon’s geographic operational locations include North America, Latin America, Pacific, Europe with businesses in 60 countries. The company has a plan to implement a 3-year transformation to their operations model. A comprehensive SWOT analysis has explored positive and negative effects, and how to effectively overcome the obstacles. AVON’s management team decided toRead MoreStructural Adjustment Programs1574 Words   |  6 Pages(referred to as SAPs) allow the Global North, which includes North America and Western European countries to exploit highly indebted developing countries. Conditions required by Structural Adjustment Programs lead to an economically exploitative relationship between the Global North and in this case specifically Latin America. This paper will argue that in situations involving Structural Adjustment Programs, the Global North can be viewed as the bourgeoisie and Latin America as the proletariat when lookingRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1071 Words   |  5 Pagesvehicles, parts, and accessories worldwide. The automotive company offers vehicles primarily under the Ford and Lincoln brand names. Ford markets cars, utilities, trucks, service parts, and acc essories through distributors and dealers in North America, South America, Europe, Turkey, Russia, and the Asia Pacific region. Ford Motor Company also sells vehicles to dealers for sale to fleet customers, including commercial fleet customers, daily rental car companies, and governments, as well as providesRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Dixie956 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the Civil War; overturning the monetary, political, and social life of the South and entirely desolating the consanguinity between the North and the South. Told through the expressions of individuals who documented their experiences, The Fall of the House of Dixie enlightens Southern attempts to protect the norm leading into a second American Transformation. Offering a new frame of reference of the most malevolent war in American history, The Fall of the House of Dixie states a clear record ofRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Latin America1609 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution Latin America in The Nine teenth Century ââ€"  Only Japan underwent a major industrial transformation during the Nineteenth Century. ââ€"  India, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, China and Latin America experimented in modern industry. ââ€"  They were nowhere near the kind of major social transformation that had taken place in Britain, Europe, North America and Japan. ââ€"  The profound impact of European and North American industrialization was hard to avoid. After Independence in Latin America ââ€"  The struggleRead MoreFood, People Will Die1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdiets and live healthier because of agri-business. The transformation from traditional farming to agri-business became rapidly accepted by all types of farmers because of the mass benefits agri-business provides. Berry noticed this transformation by stating, â€Å"This transformation occurred with astonishing speed because, by the measures it set for itself, it was wonderfully successful. It ‘saved labor’† (Berry, 2005, para. 4). This transformation increased the speed of farms. This means the increasedRead MoreCompare the Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies in North America, with the Effects of the Slave Trade on Native Societies in Africa866 Words   |  4 Pagestrade and slave trade connected the global commerce, and played a significant role in world history. Each of them transformed the destiny of North American and African society. Politically, economically and culturally, North Americans were dying slowly in seemingly more peaceful fur trade, and Africans were immediately hit by the wreaked havoc of slave trade. North America’s ostensible peace with the outside world could not avoid civil wars, as African people’s self-protection could not avoid EuropeanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Journey Dorantes, Castillo, Estebanico, And Cabeza De Vaca922 Words   |  4 PagesDorantes, Castillo, Estebanico, and Cabeza de Vaca underwent required patience, humility, understanding, cooperation, and adaptability. The key to finding that precious middle ground was understanding their position with the natives. As castaways in North America, Cabeza de Vaca and his fellow explorers found themselves in a unique situation. As largely high-ranking Catholic Spaniards (with the exception of Estebanico), and as conquistadors in their own sense, the men had been ingrained with a firm belief

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Deerslayer Essay Example For Students

The Deerslayer Essay Sisters throughout history have been to eachother: friends, playmates, adversaries, confidantes, soul mates and significant others, but the most important bond they share is their sisterly love. This bond stands out and sets it apart from all others. The sisterly love that Judith and Hetty Hutter possessed never seemed to reach its full potential. This may be due to the fact that they were sisters who were different in every way possible. This sisterly conflict creates great diversity and themes for the book The DeerSlayer by James Fenimore Cooper. Due to the fact that their mother died when they were young, Judith being the older one, naturally took the leadership and mothering responsibilities over the two. They had been raised by their father Tom Hetter on Lake Glimmerglass, New York. Each sister, in her own aspect was a leader and a follower. Though Hetty in her own aspect took on the missionary duties of converting the Mingos. Physically and personality wise the two were as oppo site as north and south. Judith was tall, dark, and beautiful, always attracting the military men nearby. Hetty on the contrary was short, pale, and rather plain looking. Despite the judgements on their appearances, their personalities proved to be very contrasting and conflicting. Preferences of lifestyle created much conflict and unspoken bitterness between the two girls. Hetty preferred to life a simple and moral life, while sharing her Christian faith with the Mingos, in hopes to convert them. Judith on the other hand wanted to go to bigger and better places, to new settlements being formed, vying away from simpleness and heading into booming towns. She wanted to leave the simple life and good morality that she had been raised on. Judith had a lust for life while Hetty humbly took it step by step. Personality and character-wise Hetty and Judith were exact opposites. Judith bore not only good looks but also intelligence to compliment her physical beauty. Hetty was once described as having less intellect than ordinary falls to the share of human beings. It was known amongst the lake that Hetty infact was slow and retarded, with a simple yet humble mind. Judith did recognize this weakness and took advantage of it. She had grown up thinking herself not as an equal to Hetty, but as a better person. This is evident through out the story. At one point Judith and the Deerslayer are searching for the wealth hidden in the treasure chest. They search high and low throughout the barge, including through Judiths luxurious possessions when the happen upon Hettys simple ones. Judith states in a tone of betterment, These are only the clothes of poor Hetty, dear simple girl! she said; nothing we seek would be likely to be there. Judith has become a self-seeking, self-righteous woman, only seek ing out things in life that benefited her. The favoritism of Judith over Hetty by their father is constantly seen in the story. Hetty had belongings said to be plain and simple, and of not much value, while Judith possessed items of great worth and pride, belonging only to a woman of such exquisite beauty. Ironically it was Hetty who adored and loved the father who favored her sister over her. At Toms death, he confessed that he was not their real father. With this news Hetty responded with much grief, for she loved this man who had so lovingly protected them and raised them all these years. Judith responded to the news with a pleasing attitude, for her and Tom never shared the love that him and Hetty did, in fact there had never been sufficient intimacy between Tom and his daughter (Judith), which possibly gave her a reason and a defense for her emotions. .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .postImageUrl , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:hover , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:visited , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:active { border:0!important; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:active , .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92 .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43b6b0280c66d5391fd099656f922a92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Political Science Notebook EssayHetty did not contain her own identity apart from her sister. Constantly Hetty was masked in the shadows of her older and more beautiful counterpart. One may think that Hetty subliminally recognized her status, and instead of fighting it, she just dealt with it. Hetty once described herself to others as Judith Hutters sister, and Thomas Hutters younger daughter. Instead of relating herself to her father, the name bearer, protector and honor of the family, she related herself to her better. She succumbed to this position unknowingly, humbly accepting the place that God had set her in life. Hetty and Judith can be contrasted to no end, but despite their many differences they did posses few aspects which were alike. Throughout the course of the story the sisters fall in love with two men, Hetty with Hurry and Judith with the Deerslayer. These emotions evolve into feelings that could never be satisfied, for the love that they gave could never be returned by the men they gave it to. It turned out that Hurry was in love with Judith while Deerslayer favored the simplicity and quite nature of Hetty. It was ironic how the things that these women wanted most in life, were unreachable, but the girls found outlets to fill these voids. Despite the differences between Hetty and Judith, the love for each other was still evident. Judith felt sadness and loss at the death of Hetty, possibly realizing the true depth of their relationship, which they had never pondered. Throughout their lives, one sister was always being compared to the other. Hetty naturally succumbed to the lower position of the two, just accepting what happened. Judith attempted to find the benefit for herself out of every situation, but ended up loosing for what she had loved most in life, the Deerslayer. Despite their hardships, the two girls learned not only to love in a romantic way but in the brotherly way, the way sisters shared. Bibliography:

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Desirees Baby essays

Desiree's Baby essays Kate Chopin's short story, "Desiree's Baby," begins by explaining how Desiree comes to live with Monsieur and Madame ValmondeMonsieur Valmonde finds her as a child sleeping on his property, and he and his wife decide to raise her. When Desiree grows up, Armand Aubigny falls in love with her, and despite Monsieur Valmonde's warnings that Desiree's origins are unknown, Armand marries her and they have a baby boy. At first, they are both extremely proud and happy, and Armand even treats his Negro slaves kindly because he is in such a joyful state of mind. However, Armand's manner changes when the baby is three months old: he stops looking into Desiree's eyes when he speaks to her, he treats the slaves awfully, and he seems to fall out of love with Desiree. Desiree is miserable and cannot understand why her husband has changed. One day she is in her room looking at her sleeping child and she notices that his skin color is darker than "normal;" she asks Armand what it means, and he tells her that the child is not white, so therefore she must not be white, and he sends her away and burns all of her things, only to read an old letter that reveals it was his own mother who was black. The moment Armand presumed Desiree to be of Negro origins, he wanted nothing to do with her or his own son because to him, being black was completely inferior; however, the irony is that it was him all along who had a black parent, sending Chopin's message that judging another human being based on his or her skin color is completely immoral The central character in this story is Desiree, who grows up to be a "beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere" woman with a fair complexion and long, silky brown hair. Desiree is happy and gleeful, is kind to her slaves, and wants to please her husband in any way. Chopin writes of Armand and Desiree: "When he frowned she trembled, b...

Friday, February 21, 2020

English 305 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English 305 - Essay Example al. 67). Broadly, the types of criminal activities handled by the Wood vale sub-federal police department include the following; robbery with violence, domestic violence, carjacking and pick pocketing among other petty criminal offenses. Robbery with violence was rampant with 34% reported cases in the first quarter of the year in the months of January through to march. In the criminal investigating department, this was due to police departments’ leniency in the first quarter months to tackle robbery with violence criminal activities. In the second quarter in the months of March through to June, the robbery with violence cases reduced to 17% (Conser et. al. 91). This was because of stringent rules and regulations by the police department, which were aimed at reducing this criminal act. Domestic violence was also at a higher percentage at the beginning of the year. This, however, has reduced in the second quarter due to the adoption of the community policing policies. Psychologically and socially, the domestic violence criminal activities are more inclined towards the communities’ policing hence it was a good idea for the police department to take part in the community related criminal control mechanisms . Carjacking criminal activities have reduced from 54% to 30% while pick pocketing has reduced from 43 to 22 percent. The Woodvale groove region is a place in the woodlands thus most of the car robbery incidences are often carried out in this region. The inaccessibility nature of this area perhaps makes it easier for the car robbers to maneuvre their way into the woodlands. As the police department, over the second quarter of the year 2014, we engaged in various highway traffic operations. These operations aimed at the identification of cars and their ownership. These operations have reduced carjacking incidences. Lastly, pick-pocketing incidences have also reduced by 21 percent in the second quarter months of the year

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

(lean)Supply Chain and Operations Management Essay

(lean)Supply Chain and Operations Management - Essay Example Many large corporations have intricate purchasing and supplying operations that inevitably create waste and foster non-value added activities. In order to minimize waste and reap maximum profits, corporations exercise lean management practices. One such corporation that practices lean management is Toyota Motor Corporation. It has remained one of the key practices in Toyota (KERBER AND DRECKSHAGE, 2011). One of the key steps in lean is to recognize which steps create value and which do not. By breaking down all activities in to the two aforementioned categories, concrete steps can be taken to promote the former and eradicate the latter. The lean management identifies seven activities as the â€Å"seven wastes†, they are as follows: Over-production: This occurs when more products are produced than what is demanded by the consumer. One common erroneous practice is the production of goods in bulk, as often transpires that customers need change over long periods that products in bulk require. This practice is considered the worst source of waste, as it begets all the other wastes, as more inventory and expenditure is required for the storage and preservation of goods; this does not benefit the customer nor generates income (TAYLOR AND BRUNT, 2001). Continuously improve: This is the mindset which a company is required to adopt. It must always work on the incremental enhancement of processes, services and products over time, with the aim of reducing waste and maximizing

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Developing Humanoid Robot Animations in Motion Capture

Developing Humanoid Robot Animations in Motion Capture Introduction (Chapter 1) This research describes the framework in which the different human movements have been taken from motion capture and that information is animated which sets the direction to study the digital character models and its locomotion in the virtual environment. It also gives feasible approach in understanding of walking gait patterns in that environment. This framework also leads to the study issues related to safety engineering. Overview Analysis of human locomotion and its research area have changed since it began form the cave drawings of the Paleolithic Era. The motive for human locomotion studies at early stages were driven by the need to carry on by resourcefully moving from place to place, dodging from predators and hunting for food (Alexander, 2000). Modern-day human locomotion studies have added to a wide range of applications ranging from military use, sport, ergonomics, and health care. In locomotion studies, according to (Hall, 1991) the term biomechanicsbecame accepted during the early 1970s as the internationally recognized descriptor of the field of area concerned with the mechanical study of living organism. In sport, human locomotion studies are made to extend the restrictions of an athlete when even the minimum improvement in performance is pursued eagerly (J. A. , 1984). However, the development of human locomotion studies remains reliant on the improvement of new tools for observation. According to (Alexander, 2000) lately, instrumentation and computer technology have grant opportunities for the improvement of the study of human locomotion. (J. A. , 1984). Illustrate frequent techniques for measuring motion and mentioned the co-ordinate analyzer (motion capture device) as a major advance in movement study. According to (Furniss, 2000) Motion capture or mocap was initially created for military use earlier than it was modified into the entertainment industry since the mid 1980.s. (Dyer, 1995) define motion capture as measuring an objects location and direction in physical space, then recording that sequence into a computer usable form. According to(Micheal, 2003) ; (Suddha Basu, 2005) motion capture is the fastest way to produce rich, realistic animation data. (James F OBrien, 2000) illustrate that Mocap can also be useful in several additional fields such as music, fine art dance, sign language, motion recognition, rehabilitation with medicine, biomechanics, special effects for live-action films and computer animation of all types as well as in defense and athletic analysis/training. There are basically three types of motion capture sys tems accessible such as mechanical, electromagnetic and optical based system. All three systems go through the same basic process shown in figure. The first step is the input where the movement of live actors either human or animal is recorded using various method depending on the type of the motion capture system used. Next, the information is processed to identify the corresponding markers of the live actor and then transferred into virtual space using specialized computer software. Finally the output is where the information is translated into a 3D trajectory computer data that contains translation and rotation information known as motion capture file. Motivation Producing realistic character animation remains one of the great challenges in computer graphics. At present, there are three methods by which this animation can be produced. The first one is key framing, in which the animator gives important key poses for the character at specific frames. A second one uses physical simulation to drive the characters motion its results are good, due to lack of control its difficult to use and its costly and with characters its not much successful. The last one is motion capture, has been widely used to animate characters. It uses sensors placed on person and collects the data that describes their motion however they are performing the desired motion. As the technology for motion capture has improved and the cost decreased, the interest in using this approach for character animation has also increased. The main challenge that an animator is confronted with is to generate character animation with a realistic appearance. As humanoid robot renovation is a popular research area since it can be used in various applications to understand the emerging field of robotics and other digital animation fields. Currently most of the methods work for controlled environments and human pose reconstruction to recognize humanoid robots is a popular research area since it can be used in various applications. Motion capture and motion synthesis are expensive and time consuming tasks for articulated figures, such as humans. Human pose view based on computer vision principles is inexpensive and widely applicable approach. In computer vision literature the term human motion capture is usually used in connection with large scale body analysis ignoring the fingers, hands and the facial muscles, which is the case in this research. The motion capture is fairly involved to calculate a 3D skeletal representation of the motion of satisfactory value to be functional for animation. The animation generation is an application of motion capture where the required accuracy is not as high as in some other applications, such as medicine (Ferrier, June 2002) Problem Context 1) Even though motion capture is applied into so many fields by creating physically perfect motions, it has a few significant weaknesses. According to (Lee, MCML: Mocap, 2004) firstly, it has low flexibility, secondly the captured data can have different data formats depending on the motion capture system which was employed and thirdly, commercially available motion capture libraries are difficult to use as they often include hundreds of examples. (Shih-Pin Chao, 2003) States that motion capture sessions are not only costly but also a labor intensive process thus, promotes the usability of the motion data. 2) In the field of animation and gaming industry, it is common that motion information are captured to be used for a particular project or stored in a mocapdata. This data can either be used as the whole range of motion sequence or as part of a motion synthesis. In sport science, mocap data is used for analyzing and perfecting the sequencing mechanics of premier athletes, as well as monitoring the recovery progress of physical therapies. This simply means that a vast collection of motion capture data models are limited for different sets. Currently, motion data are often stored in small clips to allow for easy hand sequencing for describing the behavior (Jernej Barbic, 2004) (Tanco L. M., 2000). However, according to (Lee, MCML: Mocap, 2004) (Morales, 2001) (Tanco L. M., 2000) a motion capturedata models lack interoperability. This calls for an immediate need for tools that synchronize these datasets (Feng Liu, 2003). 3) In light of the recent course of interest in virtual environment applications, much research has been devoted to solving the problems of manipulating humans in 3-D simulated worlds, and especially to human locomotion. However, most of the animation approaches based on these studies can only generate limited approach lacking the locomotion capabilities for example walking their application in virtual environments are inevitably limited. Project Objective The objective of this project is to create a framework taken from motion capture data techniques which can set the direction to study 3D articulated figures and the humanoid robot locomotion in the virtual environment by understanding walking gait patterns in human. This framework also leads to the study issues related to safety engineering. The other objective of this project is to capture, process, and examine the locomotion feasibility in virtual environment and analyze different tasks in virtual environment. In system overview diagram all the different steps has been described it starts from mocaop suit that is on the subject and then its data of random movement has been taken into computer and motion analysis is done. After motion analysis its been retargeted and with avatar model the final output scene has been created. Then with software development kit feasible program has been created to deal with different information of that scene. Project Scope To capture the human motion from the motion capture technology and using the captured data to animate the different motions and then refining the animated data. By using the technology called motion builder we can simulate and study the effects of walk and fall in the virtual environment.   After mapping the captured data in the animated character which is called digital humanoid robot an application is build to study the nature of the animated scene which is called an enhanced framework. The other technology is used is called mathematica which is used for studying the factors in mathematical terms because the human motion builder is a simulation technology and mathematica is a dynamic solver engine. So it will lead towards the study of digital humanoid robot of walking and falling in virtual environments on some assumptions. Outline This part outlines the in general structure of the thesis, and a short explanation for each chapter: Chapter 1: deals with Introduction, scope and objective with problem context. Chapter 2: Introduces human motion capture techniques and different work in animation of human walking in virtual environment and gives a summary of the related work in this area. Chapter 3: deals with the system structure which describes the hardware and the software technologies involved in the research and also illustrate the frame work model and this model help exploit the behavior of humanoid which sets up the framework. Chapter 4: describes the framework analysis based on the study of articulated animation models in virtual environment and walking gait patters with Bezier curve algorithm. Chapter 5: mention all the techniques that have been extracted from different softwares and how its used to set up the whole framework and evaluates results which are categorized in three phases the application which represents coordinate system and structure, walking gait patters by using Bezier curve and the falling effect by visual aid. Chapter 6: is the conclusion that summarizes the outcome of the project, and discusses the future works. Conclusion This chapter describes the introduction of motion capture and how it will be utilized to improve the study of human locomotion. The project scope and objectives are elaborated and listed down in this chapter. Literature Review (Chapter 2) Motion capture system   Motion capture is an attractive way of creating the motion parameters for computer animation. It can provide the realistic motion parameters. It permits an actor and a director to work together to create a desired pose, that may be difficult to describe with enough specificity to have an animator recreate manually (Ferrier, June 2002). The application areas of motion capture techniques can be summarized as follows (Perales, 2001): Virtual reality: interactive virtual environments, games, virtual studios, character animation, film, advertising Smart surveillance systems: access control, parking lots, supermarkets, vending machines, traffic. Advanced user interfaces: advanced user interfaces. Motion analysis and synthesis: annotations of videos, personalized training, clinical studies of medicine. Understanding the working of humanoid robot has been always on study of human locomotion.   This literature review discusses human motion control techniques, motion capture techniques in general and advance, non-vision based motion capture techniques, vision-based motion capture techniques with and without markers and other enhanced techniques which are covered in details for which the framework can be understood easily. Properties of Tracking Systems This section lists properties of tracking systems and discusses the relationships between the various properties. Accuracy Accuracy can be defined as the agreement between the measured results from tracking technologies and the actual position of the object, and because the true value is unknown the tracking technologies can only be evaluated with relative accuracy. For one tracking system, the accuracy is limited by the principle and affected by the noise/interferences from the environment. The sources of noises are depending on the tracking technology we use. For different tracking principles, the influencing factors are different. For example, for optical motion tracking, the interference is lighting and AC current; for magnetic, ferrous objects distort the magnetic field and cause errors. If the model or the mechanism of the noise is quantitatively known, it is a systematic error and can be compensated by post-treatment after tracking or eliminated by pre-filtering before tracking. Robustness Robustness defines the systems ability to continue to function in adverse conditions or with missing or incorrect measurements. Some systems make assumptions about the surrounding environment during operation. Also, a system may be unable to take a measurement at a particular time. Related to the robustness is repeatability in the reported data. If the reported values are consistent over time and over operating conditions and environment, then measuring the accuracy (or the lack thereof) is possible, and corrective algorithms can be applied. Tracking range The range is the space in which the system can measure sufficient and accurate data for the application. For some systems, the range can be reduced by noises from the environment or be limited by the hardware of the system itself. For example, magnetic system cannot track accurate data when the tracked object is at the margin of the magnetic field due to the inhomogeneous distribution of the field. Tracking speed Tracking speed is the frequency at which the measurement system can obtain the updated tracking data. There are two significant numbers for the system, one is update rate and the other one is latency. Update rate is the frequency at which the tracking system generates the tracking data; latency describes the delay between tracking data has been generated and the host computer receives the data in real-time mode. Hardware The hardware means the physical realization of the components of the tracking system. It includes the number of components, and the size and weight of those components, especially those that the user is required to carry (or wear). Some systems may have a significant amount of hardware that must be set up in the environment, although it may need no further attention from the user once in position. Ideally, the application would like to give the user complete freedom of movement. Some devices tether the user to a fixed object. Some systems may have a heavy or unwieldy device which the user must manipulate in order to move. Some devices have a tendency to pull the user back to a â€Å"resting position† for the device. The hardware also determines the biggest part of the costs and therefore is very often a decisive factor for the choice of the applied motion tracking system Non-vision Based Motion Capture In non-vision based systems, sensors are attached to the human body to collect movement information. Some of them have a small sensing footprint that they can detect small changes such as finger or toe movement (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1996). Each kind of sensor has advantages and limitations (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1997). Advantages of magnetic trackers: real-time data output can provide immediate feedback no post processing is required they are less expensive than optical systems no occlusion problem is observed multiple performers are possible Disadvantages of magnetic trackers: the trackers are sensitivity to metal objects cables restricts the performers they provide lower sampling rate than some optical systems the marker configurations are difficult to change Advantages of electromechanical body suits: they are less expensive than optical and magnetic systems real-time data is possible no occlusion problem is observed multiple performers are possible Disadvantages of electromechanical body suits: they provide lower sampling rate they are difficult to use due to the amount of hardware configuration of sensors is fixed Vision-Based Motion Capture with Markers In 1973, Johansson explored his famous Moving Light Display (MLD) psychological experiment to perceive biological motion (Johansson). In the experiment, small reflective markers are attached to the joints of the human performers. When the patterns of the movements are observed, the integration of the signals coming from the markers resulted in recognition of actions. Although the method faces the challenges such as errors, non-robustness and expensive computation due to environmental constraints, mutual occlusion and complicated processing, many marker based tracking systems are available in the market. This is a technique that uses optical sensors, e.g. cameras, to track human movements, which are captured by placing markers upon the human body. Human skeleton is a highly articulated structure and moves in three-dimension. For this reason, each body part continuously moves in and out of occlusion from the view of the cameras, resulting in inconsistent and unreliable motion data of t he human body. One major drawback of using optical sensors and markers, they cannot sense joint rotation accurately. This is a major drawback in representing a real 3D model (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1997). Optical systems have advantages and limitations (Perales, 2001). Advantages of optical systems are as follows: they are more accurate larger number of markers are possible no cables restricts the performers they produces more samples per second Disadvantages of optical systems: they require post-processing they are expensive (between 100, 000 and 250, 000) occlusion is a problem in these systems environment of the capturing must be away from yellow light and reflective noise Vision-Based Motion Capture without Markers As a less restrictive motion capture technique, markerless-based systems are capable of overcoming the mutual occlusion problem as they are only concerned about boundaries or features on human bodies. This is an active and promising but also challenging research area in the last decade. The research with respect to this area is still ongoing (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1996). The markerless-based motion capture technique exploits external sensors like cameras to track the movement of the human body. A camera can be of a resolution of a million pixels. This is one of the main reasons that optical sensors attracted peoples attention. However, such vision-based techniques require intensive computational power (Bryson, 1993). As a commonly used framework, 2D motion tracking only concerns the human movement in an image plane, although sometimes people intend to project a 3D structure into its image plane for processing purposes. This approach can be c atalogued with and without explicit shape models (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1996). The creation of motion capture data from a single video stream seems like a plausible idea. People are able to watch a video and understand the motion, but clearly, the computing the human motion parameters from a video stream are a challenging task (Ferrier, June 2002). Vision-based motion capture techniques usually include initialization and tracking steps. Initialization A system starts its operation with correct interpretation of the current scene. The initialization requires camera calibration, adaptation to scene characteristics and model initialization. Camera calibration is defined as parameters that are required for translating a point in a 3D scene to its position in the image. Some systems find initial pose and increment it from frame to frame whereas in other systems the user specifies the pose in every single frame. Some systems have special initialization phase where the start pose is found automatically whereas in others the same algorithm is used both for initialization and pose estimation (Granum, 2001). Tracking Tracking phase extracts specific information, either low level, such as edges, or high level, such as head and hands. Tracking consists of three parts (Granum, 2001): Figure-ground segmentation: the human figure is extracted from the rest of the image. Representation: segmented images are converted to another presentation to reduce the amount of information. Tracking over time: how the subject should be tracked from frame to frame. Mechanical Mechanical measurement is the oldest form of location; rulers and tape measures provide a simple method of locating one item with reference to another. More sophisticated mechanical techniques have been developed. Nowadays measurements of the angles of the body joints with potentiometers or shaft encoders combined with knowledge of the dimensions of the rigid components allow accurate calculations of the position of different body parts.(Beresford, 2005) Today mechanical position tracking devices can be separated into body-based and ground-based systems. Body based systems are those which are mounted on, or carried on, the body of the user and are used to sense either the relative positions of various parts of the users body or the position of an instrument relative to a fixed point on the users body. Body-based systems are typically used to determine either the users joint angles for reproduction of their body in the synthetic environment, or to determine the position of the users hand or foot, relative to some point on the users body. Since the body based systems are used to determine the relative position between two of the users body parts, the devices must somehow be attached to the users body. This particular issue has raised many questions: How is the device attached to the body in a way which will minimize relative motion between the attachment and the soft body part? How are the joints of the device aligned with the users joints to minimize the difference in the centers of rotation? Some other problems associated with body-b ased tracking systems are specifically caused by the device being attached to the users body. These systems are typically very obtrusive and encumbering and therefore do not allow the user complete freedom of movement. Body-based systems are, however, quite accurate and do not experience problems like measurement drift (the tendency of the devices output to change over time with no change in the sensed quantity), interference from external electromagnetic signals or metallic devices in the vicinity, or shadowing (loss of sight of the tracked object due to physical interference of another object)(Frey, 1996). Ground based systems are not carried by the user but are mounted on some fixed surface (i.e. the users desk or the floor) and are used to sense the position of an implement relative to that fixed surface. Ground-based systems are typically used to determine the position and orientation of an implement manipulated by the user relative to some fixed point which is not on the users body. Like body-based mechanical systems, they are very accurate and are not plagued by measurement drift errors, interference or shadowing. Ground-based systems do suffer from one thing which the body-based systems do not: They confine the user to work within the space allowed by the device. Usually this means that the user is confined to work in a space the size of a large desk. If the application does not require the user to move around much throughout the task (i.e. the user remains seated), this is not considered as a problem. Mechanical tracking systems are the best choice for force-feedback (haptic) devices since they are rigidly mounted to either the user or a fixed object. Haptic devices are used to allow the user a sense of touch. The user can feel surfaces in the synthetic environment or feel the weight of an object. The device can apply forces to the users body so that the user can experience a sense of exertion. Mechanical tracking systems also typically have low latencies (the time required to receive useful information about a sensed quantity) and high update rates (the rate at which the system can provide useful information). Therefore these systems have found good commercial niche as measurement devices and hand tracking systems. Advantages high update rate low latency accurate No blocking problem, no interference from environment  · best choice for force feedback Disadvantages Restricted movement from mounted device Acoustic Acoustic tracking systems utilize high frequency sound waves to track objects by either the triangulation of several receivers (time-of-flight method) or by measuring the signals phase difference between transmitter and receiver (phase-coherence method). Generally the user carries the transmitter, and a series of sensors around the room determine the linear distance to the transmitter. Some systems have the user carry a receiver and listen to a series of transmitters positioned around the volume. The time-of-flight method of acoustic tracking uses the speed of sound through air to calculate the distance between the transmitter of an acoustic pulse and the receiver of that pulse. The use of one transmitter on a tracked object and a minimum of three receivers at stationary positions in the vicinity allow an acoustic system to determine the relative position of the object via triangulation. This method limits the number of objects tracked by the system to one. An alternative method has been devised in which several transmitters are mounted at stationary positions in the room and each object being tracked is fitted with a receiver. Using this method, the positions of numerous objects may be determined simultaneously. Note that the use of one transmitter (or one receiver) attached to an object can resolve only position. The use of two transmitter (receiver) sets with the same object can be used to determine the position and orientation (6 DOF) of the object. The desire to track mo re than just the position of an object suggests that the second method (multiple stationary transmitters with body mounted receivers) may be preferable. The other method of acoustic tracking is the phase-coherent tracking. It may be used to achieve better accuracies than the time-of-flight method. The system does this by sensing the signal phase difference between the signal sent by the transmitter and that detected by the receiver. If the object being tracked moves farther than one-half of the signal wavelength in any direction during the period of one update, errors will result in the position determination. Since phase coherent tracking is an incremental form of position determination, small errors in position determination will result in larger errors over time (drift errors), which may be the reason why only few phase-coherent systems have been implemented successfully. Some problems associated with both acoustic tracking methods result from the line-of-sight required between transmitter and receiver. This line of sight requirement obviously plagues the devices with shadowing problems. It also limits their effective tracking range, although they have better tracking ranges than electromagnetic systems. Unlike electromagnetic systems, they do not suffer from metallic interference, but they are susceptible to interference caused by ambient noise sources, by reflections of the acoustic signals from hard surfaces, and environmental interference (e.g. temperature variations). Advantages Very high freedom of movement Cheap Disadvantages Line-of-sight problems Either high range or high accuracy (not both!) Environmental interference (e.g. temperature variations, other noise sources) Drift errors (phase-coherent) High latency, low update rates Magnetic Electromagnetic tracking systems are currently the most widely used systems for human body tracking applications. They employ the use of artificially-generated electromagnetic fields to induce voltages in detectors attached to the tracked object. A fixed transmitter and the sensors consist of three coils mounted in mutually orthogonal directions. The sensors range in size, but tend to be around a few cubic centimeters. The transmitters range in size with the power of the field they are expected to generate, and range from several cubic inches to a cubic foot. There are four magnetic fields that have to be measured: the environmental field (including the Earths magnetic field), and three orthogonal fields in the transmitters coordinate directions in figure. Each of these fields is measured in the sensors three coordinate dimensions for a total of twelve measurements of each sensor. From this information, the position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the transmitter can be computed. These tracking systems are robust, fast, and fairly inexpensive and can be used to track numerous objects (body parts) with acceptable position and orientation accuracies (on the order of 0.1 inches and 0.5 degrees). Unlike electric fields, magnetic fields are unaffected by the presence or absence of human bodies and other non-metallic objects in the environment. This offers a tremendous opportunity, because it enables magnetic trackers to overcome the line-of-sight requirement that plagues acoustic, optical, and externally connected mechanical tracking systems. On the other hand, the magnetic systems suffer from sensitivity to background magnetic fields and interference caused by ferrous metal devices in the vicinity, and therefore is inaccurate in practical environments. Due to this and the limited range of the generated magnetic field, the magnetic tracking systems are restricted to a small special area. Advantages High update rates Very low latency High robustness No shadowing Rather cheap Acceptable accuracy in artificial environment Disadvantages High sensitivity to background magnetic fields Inaccurate in practical environments due to interference caused by ferrous metal devices Low range of the magnetic field and Tracking scope is low due to cable Inertial An internal sensor contains three gyroscopes, to determine the angular rate, and three accelerometers, to determine linear acceleration. Originally, they were mounted to orthogonal axes on a gimbaled platform, as it can be seen in figure. After removing the effect of gravity from the vertical accelerometer, the data has to be double-integrated to provide a measure of the offset between initialization and the current position. In fact, this combination of sensors has been used successfully for inertial navigatio

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Essay example --

Obama Administration proposed what is called Comprehensive Immigration Reform. It is composed of six sections aimed at fixing the current immigration system. It includes enhanced border enforcement, interior enforcement and the most controversial section; an amnesty program to legalize undocumented immigrants. In other words, it creates a pathway to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants that is fair and feasible. Many argue that even though Comprehensive Immigration Reform is good for America because it addresses important issues like creating a committee to adopt the number of visas available to changing economic times, preventing people from working without permits and creating programs aimed at helping immigrants adjust to life in America. Yet it rewards violators of current U.S. laws who entered the country illegally, and those who entered the country legally but overstayed their visas. Opponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform proposal claim that immigrants have a neg ative impact on the economy; overwhelming social services of many states, and posing a threat to American workers as a result of big corporations exploiting immigrants with low wages and poor working conditions. With the recent economic downturn and the severe recession that hit the U.S, many individuals blame immigrants for their economic misfortune and lack of employment. For both the opponents and proponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal, for the millions of the undocumented immigrants and their families, and lawmakers; immigration has become an emotional political issue. Despite the resistance of many, America should embrace comprehensive immigration reform. The current immigration system is separating families, and devastating w... ...e private sector to find new growth opportunities and create new jobs. Furthermore, America always has been, and always will be a country of immigrants. Despite that rich tradition, Congress has not updated the country’s immigration policies in three decades. However, Congress now has an opportunity to fix the immigration system and improve the economic well-being of all Americans. Failure to address the issue will have severe consequences for America’s future and well-being, and that is why how America reforms the immigration system will determine its future. The current immigration system is outdated, broken, and reveals that Comprehensive Immigration Reform is urgently needed, and is good for America’s workers and the economy. Despite the claims, complaints and the resistance of many, Americans should welcome, accept and support Comprehensive Immigration Reform.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

The Role of Perception in Corporate Decision Making

Here is an office scenario wherein two senior executives are observing an employee who is a potential candidate for promotion:   At certain times, they both see the said employee just sitting on his chair, lounging, even minutes before the end of office hours.   Often chancing upon the employee during his idle time, Senior Executive A may see this as laziness on the employee’s part.   Senior Executive B views the situation, having kept track of prompt and quality reports done by the employee, as the employee being a fast worker who gets the job easily done and right, not as somebody who is just loafing around. This is the fundamental nature of perception.   Senior Executive B saw the employee’s circumstances in another approach from that of Senior Executive A’s.   Even though they both examined the same situation, each one had a different view on it.   The outcome of this observation shall depend upon how the executives had perceived the candidate’s performance.   This is an illustration of how perception plays a part in making decisions on a work setting.   The employee’s likelihood of getting promoted relies on others’ diverse insights. Perception Perception has a role when it comes to decision making on many business situations.   It can impact an organization’s behavior.   Also depending on every person’s background, traits, knowledge, and many other factors, perception can also shape ethical or moral decisions. Definition What is perception?   â€Å"Perception is the process we use to make sense out of our environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment† (Daft, 1997, p. 786). People have varied outlooks on a particular situation in his/her own way.   â€Å"Perception depends not only on the physical stimuli but also on the stimuli’s relation to the surrounding field and on conditions within the individual.   The key word in the definition of perception is individual† (Kotler, 2000, p.173). Impact on Organizational Behavior Because of the different perceptions each individual has on a working atmosphere, it is a necessity for managers to have a profound knowledge of anticipating diversity between the different levels within their organization.   For example:   If a manager only sees his/her staff as a means to an end, just a functioning machine in getting the job done, like without incentives or further trainings, etc., with this kind of perception that the employees may get, how would the employees react to it? There might be a number of them who would not think of it as an issue because they themselves may also only see their work as a means itself to meeting their own needs, financially speaking of earning a salary.   For some, they would like to be recognized and given value as employees, being humanely treated and could perceive their employers as insensitive to both their professional growth and personal welfare. In this case, when this type of perception prevails, it could possibly lead to a chain reaction amongst the employees.   A possible impact could be that the organizational behavior (employees’ performance) is not being concerned about their company’s productivity since the management itself does not look after their issues. How a person perceives others can greatly or minimally impact an organization either in a negative or positive way because people would act in response to it. Another citable circumstance in an office setting with regards to perception and its impact on behavior is rumors.   For instance, there is a new employee who was highly  recommended by an officer of the company.   Some may right away see this as special treatment being given on the said employee.   While others actually get facts and can see  exceptional work being done on the new employee’s part.   Yet, with a number of gossip mongers existing on a work environment, they are going to talk about misleading details.   Now with those who may be unaware of what is actually going on, just basing the events on hearsay, they might perhaps bear some resentment on management or even give it a shot themselves on apple polishing. â€Å"Individual perceptual awareness varies widely.   Recognizing the difference between what is perceived and what is real is a key element in diagnosing a situation† (Daft, 1997,p. 787). Using Perceptive ‘Shortcuts’ Every now and then, several business matters call for immediate decisions.   Some may resort to using perceptive ‘shortcuts’ when judging others.   Positive effects may include a decision being done without delay and can move on to attend to other business matters at hand.   This could result to increase in productivity.   Negative effects consist of hastiness in judgment.   Without studying all the facts and details, one fails to take into account everything that needs to be considered which may be leaving out a factor that could have brought out a different turn of events. The Real World Before a decision is made in real world organizations, an issue is addressed by gathering necessary data or a proposal is prepared for a project they will undertake.   There is an open discussion in order to reach a consensus of opinion (i.e. meeting).   Advantages and disadvantages are weighed out (e.g. project to be considered, acquisition of office equipment).   Strengths and weaknesses are pointed out (e.g. hiring of an applicant, promotion  among ranks).   A good management first makes a thorough study then arrives at a more solid decision this way than in making hasty assessments. Ethical/Moral Decisions How we see things are based on several factors.   People’s views are different because each one has his/her own distinctive background.   What values and beliefs a person has can influence an ethical or moral decision he or she makes.   For example:   A sales agent who proposes to a Human Resources Head the availment of a pension plan for the company’s employees, is also suggesting a share in the commission that he would give to the HR Head when he approves the proposal. If the HR Head perception of the agent’s offer is lucrative to his own pocket and does not see it as harmful to their corporation, viewing the agent’s approach as a normal sales tactic, then this shapes the moral decision he is about to make.   Clearly, this is against business ethics, undisclosed behind-the-scenes negotiations.   The employees, who are not aware of what had transpired between the sales agent and their HR Head, would naturally perceive the outlay in pension plan as a benefit for them.   Now if it was a different matter all together, with an honest HR Head who believes in hard work to earn a living, may see the sales agent as a dubious character and perhaps would choose not to deal with that agent anymore. â€Å"Perception in itself does not always lead to an accurate picture of the environment† (Daft, 1997, p. 562). References Daft, R. L. (1997).   Management.   Pennsylvania:   The Dryden Press. Kotler, P. (2000).   Marketing Management.   New Jersey:   Prentice-Hall, Inc.            

Friday, January 3, 2020

Machiavellian Folly in The Prince Essay - 1696 Words

Machiavellian Folly in The Prince In the annals of history, many individuals have contributed great works of literature, waxing philosophically on the meaning of life, death, and love. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote not on love or life, but on power: How to capture it, how to consolidate it, and how to defend it against all comers. His work has been talked about and dissected to the extent that his subject matter and methods have earned their own moniker: Machiavellian. Nonetheless, this great philosophers works did not meet with unanimous approval. His own student, Thomas Hobbes, presented a very different account of politics. This essay offers a Hobbesian critique of some of Machiavellis arguments, focusing in and around†¦show more content†¦2 Humans, according to Machiavelli, are not the morally grounded beings the Bible espouses them to be. He writes in The Prince: For one can say this generally of men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, pretenders and dissemblers, evaders of danger, eager for gain .3 Clearly, Machiavelli argues that man is precarious - a being of dubious morals and selfish desires. Hobbes agreed with this analysis, and took it one step further. According to Hobbes, all mankind has a restless and perpetual desire for power, which ceaseth only with death4. Moreover, man can never be satisfied with the power he has. Hobbes writes: ... [man] cannot assure the power and the means to live well, which he hath present, without the acquisition of more [power]. Mans first need is to provide security for himself. Past experience and reason dictate that he will do this by any means necessary - even if it means killing everyone around him. Critics argue that Hobbes and Machiavelli are too pessimistic; but they would both beg to differ. To both Hobbes and Machiavelli, Aristotelian virtue is a deception; it can never be reached. Men do not want to be good; they want to lie, they want to cheat, and they want to kill. To expect otherwise would be contrary to their hostile nature. To both Hobbes and Machiavelli, political analysis must begin by identifying the human being for what he really is - a self-interested, self-seekingShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1544 Words   |  7 Pageswould likely see in the Prince a selfish ruler, while Machiavelli would see in Socrates a dangerous idealist whose ideas would lead to instability and the death of the state in which these ideas were implemented. Machiavelli’s philosophy of the Prince would not satisfy Socrates because instead of focusing on right action, the Prince is encouraged to put political expediency and self-preservation above all else. In addition, the type of political system that Machiavelli’s Prince would lead to almostRead MoreRenaissance: Impact on English Literature1723 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, leaving the Middle English of Chaucer behind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the prose-writers the chief exponents of the Renaissance are Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. Erasmus’ Praise of Folly and Mores Utopia show how the English scholars of the time were imbued with the spirit of the classical Renaissance. Praise of Folly gives the best expression in literature of the attack that the  Oxford  reformers like Linacre, Colet and Lyly were making upon medieval system. It is like a song of victory for theRead MoreEssay about Renaissance Figures2969 Words   |  12 Pagesdismissed, and briefly imprisoned and tortured. He then retired to his country estate, where he wrote on politics. His most famous work, The Prince (1532), describes the means by which a leader may gain and maintain power. His ideal prince is an amoral and calculating tyrant capable of unifying Italy. Despite the ruthless connotation of the term Machiavellian, such works as the Discourses (1531) and the History of Florence (1532) express republican principles. Machiavelli also wrote poemsRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical